Friday, September 4, 2020

Recrystallization of Acetanilide Using Water as Solvent Essay

Dynamic Recrystallization is a procedure used to filter natural solids. This strategy includes dissolving of a solute in a dissolvable and affecting the solute to create a hasten from an answer. In this examination, acidic anhydride was added to the blend of 2mL aniline and 20mL of refined water. The blend was cooled in an ice shower and sifted through channel paper coming about to the unrefined acetanilide. The unadulterated acetanilide was then delivered by the sifted arrangement of unrefined acetanilide and recrystallizing dissolvable. Picking of the recrystallizing dissolvable was finished by putting a modest quantity of unadulterated acetanilide in three test tubes, each containing: water, 95% ethanol and hexane. The last weight delivered by the unadulterated acetanilide is 1.1g as opposed to the heaviness of the unrefined of the acetanilide which is 0.5g. Quantitative investigation indicated that the unadulterated acetanilide created 37.04% rate yield. Presentation Recrystallization is a procedure of purging natural mixes got from nature that contain dissolvable, insoluble and hued debasements. This depends on the reason that solvency increments on the expansion of temperature while dissolvability diminishes on the reduction of temperature. This is the procedure behind the arrangement of gems. Recrystallization can be separated into a few stages. A reasonable dissolvable is picked trailed by the compound being disintegrated in a base dissolvable. Insoluble polluting influences are expelled and crystallization follows after cooling. The gems are gathered and dried. Picking the best recrystallizing dissolvable would prompt the dissolvability of the sullied substances in the compound. The breaking point of the recrystallizing dissolvable ought to be lower than the compound to be recrystallized. There are a few models in deciding the best recrystallizing dissolvable. The compound being decontaminated must be insoluble in the dissolvable at room temperature. It ought to be insoluble in the dissolvable at high temperature. Upon low temperature, it ought to be dissolvable. Acetanilide can be acquired by acetylation of aniline experienced by nitration at low temperature. For acetylation of anilines, acidic anhydride is normally utilized. Likewise called acidic corrosive anilide, acetanilide is an unscented, white crystalline powder which is solvent in high temp water, liquor, ether, chloroform, CH3)2CO, glycerol and benzene. It has a liquefying purpose of 114 Â °C and breaking point of 314Â °C. It is an ignitable strong. When processed, it is reasonably poisonous. Presentation to body tissues would prompt bothering. For the creation of elastic quickening agents, colors and camphor, acetanilide is utilized as a middle of the road. It additionally utilized in penicillin union and different pharmaceuticals like painkillers and intermediates. It is incongruent with solid antacids and oxidizers however stays stable under ordinary conditions. Additionally, it is an amide. This trial expects to sanitize rough acetanilide water, the best recrystallizing dissolvable, which is dictated by the solvency of the strong compound, to create unadulterated acetanilide and to ascertain the rate yield of the heaviness of the unadulterated acetanilide. Additionally, it expects to demonstrate the procedure of recrystallization in purging mixes. Materials and Methods The materials utilized were test tubes, Erlenmeyer flagon, Bunsen burner, tripod, wire cloth, container, channel paper, aniline compound, hexane compound, acidic anhydride and methanol. The test started on the picking of the recrystallizing dissolvable. Three test tubes that separately contained 1mL water, 95% ethanol and hexane were included a corn grain measure of unadulterated acetanilide. Water was the chosenâ recrystallizing dissolvable. In an Erlenmeyer jar, 2mL of aniline and 20mL of refined water were blended to be trailed by the moderate expansion of 3mL acidic anhydride. This created the unrefined acetanilide. The rough acetanilide was gauged. 20mL of recrystallizing dissolvable was added to the unrefined acetanilide. The arrangement was warmed in the water shower until the strong breaks down. Enacted charcoal is added to create a dull arrangement. While still hot, the arrangement was separated through the channel paper. The precious stones created are gathered, washed with refined water and dried between channel papers. The subsequent unadulterated acetanilide is gauged Results and Discussion Picking the recrystallizing dissolvable 3 test tubes containing 1mL water, 95% ethanol and hexane were exposed to various temperatures for 1-5 minutes so as to test the solvency of the unadulterated acetanilide. In room temperature, water and hexane were insoluble; while, 95% ethanol was solvent. In high temperature or during warming, water and 95% ethanol are solvent while hexane was insoluble. In low temperature of after cooling, water and 95% ethanol are both insoluble while hexane stayed insoluble. Table 1 shows the aftereffect of the dissolvability of unadulterated acetanilide in various temperatures gave. Table 1: Summary of the Solubility of Pure Acetanilide in Different Solvents of Varying Temperatures Solvent| At room temperature| During heating| Upon cooling| Water| Insoluble| Soluble | Insoluble| 95% ethanol| Soluble| Hexane| Inoluble| Insoluble| So as to achieve the best recrystallizing dissolvable, this table clarifies that the compound ought to be extremely solvent in high temperatures and insoluble inâ room temperature. The distinction in hot and cold temperatures is fundamental for the procedure of recrystallization. It would not break up if at high temperatures the compound in the picked dissolvable is insoluble. It would not take shape in unadulterated structure if the compound in the dissolvable is solvent. The ideal compound might be lost during recrystallization that is the reason the dissolvable ought not respond with the compound being filtered. Undesirable polluting influences ought to be either extremely solvent in room temperature of insoluble in hot temperature. After the arrangement cools, the ideal compound takes shape and the rest of the contaminations will stay disintegrated. After the compound has solidified, the dissolvable ought to be unpredictable enough to be expelled from the dissolvable after the c ompound. Simple and fast drying of the strong compound after it has been disengaged follows. Table 2 shows the heaviness of the unrefined acetanilide and the unadulterated acetanilide. Table 2: Summary of the Weight of Crude and Pure Acetanilide Acetanilide| Weight (g)| Crude| 6.5| Pure| 1.2| Unrefined acetanilide was framed from the combination of acetanilide. Unadulterated acetanilide was gathered in the wake of recrystallizing the rough acetanilide. Quantitative Analysis of Acetanilide through Determination of Percentage Yield The rate recuperation of unadulterated acetanilide was registered utilizing the equation: %Yield=Actual YieldTheoretical Yield x 100 Subbing the qualities: %Yield=1.1g2.97gx 100 Along these lines, the rate yield of unadulterated acetanilide is 37.04%. Rate yield is utilized in situations where compound change happens. In figuring the rate yield, coming up next is required: 1. The molar proportion of item to beginning material 2. The sub-atomic loads of item and beginning material 3. Restricting Reagent Assurance of Theoretical Yield 2mL Aniline (C6H5NH2) x 1.0271 mole x 1 mole93.13g x 102.09 g1 mole = 2.24g 3mL Acetic Anhydride (C4H6O3) x 1.0821 mole x 1 mole102.09g x 93.13g1 mole = 2.97g The constraining reagent is Aniline since 2.97g was expected to make 3 milliliters of Acetic Anhydride. REFERENCES: From The Internet: (1) http://www.chem.umass.edu/~samal/269/cryst1.pdf. Recrystallization. Electronic References (2) http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/bsac/Org%20Chem%20Lab_2012/Exp.2[1].pdf. Refinement by Recrystallization (3) http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB9444812.htm. Substance Book (4) http://www.epcc.edu/OfficeofRiskManagement/Documents/EPCC%20MSDS/Acetanilide.pdf. Flinn Scientific Inc. (2001) (5) http://sites.psu.edu/lburns/documents/2013/04/ch.6-formal-report.pdf. Bortiatynski, Jackie, M’Mechan, J.C.

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Financial Performance of Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank in UAE Case Study

Money related Performance of Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank in UAE - Case Study Example Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank gained RBS’ UAE retail, riches the board and SME banking business. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank is at present the third biggest bank in the UAE as far as tasks and second biggest in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi regarding all out resources. The bank has a significant client base and holds around 12% piece of the overall industry by advances and 10% piece of the overall industry by stores. The bank at present has roughly 500,000 retail clients and 33,000 discount clients in the UAE. Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank has partitioned its activities into four primary spaces as follows. Abu Dhabi, the second biggest city of UAE, is one of the developing economies of the world. During the money related year 2009, in the midst of the worldwide monetary emergency, the development pattern of Abu Dhabi took a descending dive when the genuine GDP development stayed just 0.2% and its GDP per capita was 90,538 USD, which was as yet considered among the most elevated at the worldwide level. With the usage of judicious approaches, the legislature of UAE has now ready to reestablish its past financial flourishing and it is depicting slanting pattern indeed. The financial area in UAE can be viewed as the greatest recipient of the monetary development. This is because of the way that the common financing cost in the UAE economy is lower when contrasted with different nations portraying comparable monetary patterns. National Bank of UAE is the administrative power which issues rules and profession controlling the working of these banks. As of March 31, 2011, UAE economy had 23 neighborhood keeps money with 736 branches and 28 authorized remote manages an account with 83 branches. The accompanying graphical portrayal presents the development in the financial division in UAE throughout the years [presentation] Technical Analysis The offer cost of Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank remained changed in the course of recent years. In the event that we consider the budgetary year 2006, the offer cost of the bank delineates a rising pattern. In the start of the money related year 2006, the offer cost of the bank was crossing 5.66, however before the finis h of the monetary year 2006, the offer cost took a descending dive and the December shutting of the budgetary year recorded an offer cost of 4.16. Notwithstanding the declining pattern in the earlier year, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank had the option to reestablish its past market capitalization and before the finish of the monetary year 2007, the offer cost speaks to an expansion of 19%. Budgetary year 2008 and 2009 are

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Literary Analysis of the Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood Essay

Offred, in Margaret Atwood’s upsetting novel The Handmaid’s Tale says, â€Å"But who can recollect torment once it’s over? All that remaining parts of it is a shadow, not in the brain even, in the substance. Torment marks you, yet too profound to even consider seeing. Far out, out of mind.† The general public of Gilead causes the previously mentioned torment and unsettling by utilizing women’s bodies as political instruments. Like Atwood’s tale, today’s men put gigantic focus on ladies to be a sure way, give them kids, and deal with the home and so forth. In Atwood’s tale, The Handmaid’s Tale, she analyzes the topic of dampening of ladies through realistic expectations of what women’s fates may resemble. In 1 Corinthians 6: 19-20, the Bible states, â€Å"Or do you not realize that your body is a sanctuary of the Holy Spirit inside you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were purchased with a cost. So celebrate God in your body.† In The Handmaid’s Tale, the general public impacts the residents, as Ofglen, in an unexpected way. The general public improperly controls ladies to utilize their bodies for what the administration chooses is correct, not what God got ready for their bodies. Through this improper use, ladies have by and by become less better than men and rewarded more like an item than an individual. Additionally in Corinthians 6:18, the Bible states, â€Å"Flee from extramarital perversion. Each and every other sin an individual submits is outside the body, however the explicitly shameless individual sins against his own body.† The legislature in The Handmaid’s story energized extramarital perversion by passing the handmaids from man to man, demolishing the women’s virtue and debilitating their bodies by utilizing them only for multiplication strategies. In the timespan of The Handmaid’s Tale, the dispiriting of ladies was ordinary and acknowledged, yet even the supporters of the debilitation recollected when ladies weren’t being passed from man to man to duplicate and were regarded and maintained in the public eye. In today’s society a large portion of the scriptural ethics are maintained and generally, ladies are equivalent with men. Ladies aren’t compelled to move from man to man for proliferation purposes and they have the decision of whom they will wed and repeat with. The genuine reason for a lady is to be the man’s equivalent and to give in her what the man doesn’t have. The Handmaid’s Tale depicts ladies in a dispiriting manner, giving them no decisions, opportunity, or state. The administration in The Handmaid’s Tale upheld the dampening of ladies in Gilead. The first government was toppled by a gathering of authoritarian men who upheld the laws that started the discouragement of the ladies. The administration at that point assumes total responsibility for everybody, making Gilead more like a socialist nation than law based America. The Constitution is totally tossed out, removing residents, particularly women’s, opportunity and rights. The greater part of the men are totally submissive and support the government’s treatment of ladies. In any event, when the authority disrupted the guidelines and took Offred out, he ensured that she despite everything comprehended he has total and absolute command over her. Disheartening was in full impact, and there was no getting away from it. In today’s society ladies have comparative jobs to those of men. They work, accommodate their families, and are viewed as equivalent to men. In The Handmaid’s Tale, ladies are utilized as an apparatus to make kids for the â€Å"commanders† and are dealt with more like an item than an individual. In The Handmaid’s Tale, the general public is returned to when ladies had no rights and were seen progressively like a trophy that would react to men’s each beck and call. The handmaids’ jobs in the novel are surprisingly more dreadful than that of the bygone day â€Å"housewife.† When the handmaids defy, they are killed or left in the no man's land of what used to be America. Nobody gets a harsher discipline than that. Indeed, even in today’s society ladies don’t get that unforgiving of a discipline in the event that they rebel. This fair demonstrates in the general public and time of The Handmaid’s Tale, the dispiriting o f ladies as political instruments was going all out. Notwithstanding all of Gilead’s genius ladies talk, such oppression makes a general public where ladies are treated as subhuman. They are diminished to their ripeness, rewarded as simply a lot of ovaries and a belly. In one of the novel’s key scenes, Offred lies in the shower and mirrors that, before Gilead, she thought of her as body an instrument of her wants; presently, she is only a hill of substance encompassing a belly that must be dispatched so as to make her valuable. Gilead tries to deny ladies of their independence so as to make them accommodating transporters of the people to come. All through the whole content of The Handmaid’s Tale, the decision extremist government does what is in its capacity to endeavor to detach ladies from society. Not exclusively do are the ladies disengaged from society as far as sexual contact (or any contact, so far as that is concerned), with men, yet they are likewise individualized inside the sex itself and isolated from one another. Proof of this confinement is accessible all through the novel in various levels. The primary level, maybe the harshest, is the division of sexual orientations, with ladies like the Handmaids incapable to speak with unmarried men. Offred’s partition from men is evident when she looks at herself to the â€Å"power of a pooch bone† (29), however the bone is â€Å"held out of reach† (29). This portrays how there is a severe sexual orientation division that refuses them to try and speak with one another, substantially less have intercourse. For the Angels, they are not permitted to take a gander at the alleged canine bone. At the point when we are first acquainted with the possibility of the Angels, Offred specifies that the Angels must remain outside of the exercise room â€Å"with their backs to us† (10). Offred wishes that they would possibly take a gander at her and if no one but â€Å"something could be exchanged† (10). The gatekeepers of the complex Offred is held in toward the start of the novel aren’t even permitted inside it. With the men not permitted in the Red Center and the ladies currently permitted outside of it, they are each confined from one another.

How Honey Bees Survive the Winter Cold

How Honey Bees Survive the Winter Cold Most honey bees and wasps sleep during the colder months. In numerous species, just the sovereign endures the winter, rising in spring to restore a state. Be that as it may, bumble bees stay dynamic throughout the entire winter, in spite of the frosty temperatures and absence of blossoms on which to scrounge. Winter is the point at which they receive the rewards of their difficult work, by living off the nectar theyve made and put away. Winter Is Why Bees Make Honey The bumble bee colonys capacity to endure the winter relies upon their food stores. Keeping warm takes vitality as nectar. On the off chance that the province runs low on nectar, it will stick to death before spring. The working drones power the now pointless automaton honey bees from the hive, allowing them to starve. Its a brutal sentence, however one that is vital for the colonys endurance. Automatons would eat a lot of the valuable nectar, and put the hive in risk. When wellsprings of rummage vanish, the bumble bees settle in for the winter. As temperatures fall underneath 57â ° F, the laborers dig in close to their store of nectar. The sovereign quits laying eggs in pre-winter and late-fall, since food stores are constrained and the laborers must concentrate on protecting the state. The Honey Bee Huddle The bumble bee laborers structure a bunch around the sovereign and brood to keepâ them warm. They keep their heads pointed internal. Honey bees within the bunch can benefit from the put away nectar. The external layer of laborers protects their sisters inside the circle of bumble bees. As surrounding temperatures rise, the honey bees outwardly of the gathering separate a piece, to permit more wind current. As temperatures fall, the bunch fixes, and the external specialists arrange. As the surrounding temperature drops, the working drones effectively create heat inside the hive. In the first place, they feed on nectar for vitality. At that point, the bumble bees shudder. They vibrate their flight muscles however keep their wings despite everything, raising their internal heat levels. With a great many honey bees shuddering continually, the temperature at the focal point of the bunch will heat up significantly, to about 93â ° F! At the point when the laborers on the external edge of the bunch get cold, they push to the focal point of the gathering, and different honey bees take a divert protecting the gathering from the winter climate. During hotter spells, the whole circle of honey bees will move inside the hive, situating themselves around new nectar stores. During long spells of extraordinary chilly, the honey bees might be not able to move inside the hive. On the off chance that they come up short on nectar inside the bunch, the honey bees can starve to death just crawls from extra nectar saves. What Befalls the Bees When We Take Their Honey? A normal state of bumble bees can deliver 25 lbs. of nectar during the scavenging season. That is 2-3 times more nectar than they regularly need to endure the winter. During a decent searching season, a sound settlement of bumble bees can create as much as 60 lbs. of nectar. So the innovative working drones make considerably more nectar than the province requires to endure the winter. Beekeepers reap the excess nectar, yet consistently ensure they leave an adequate flexibly for the honey bees to continue themselves through the winter months.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Euphoria Case Study Essay

Human life as we probably am aware has been demonstrated better with a logical disclosure made through the endeavors of Pseudoscience Research Inc. (PRI), a combination pharmaceutical enterprise answerable for other extraordinary advances in current organic science and innovation today. This new revelation is ensured to improve the personal satisfaction for the vast majority and would in the end set up an amicable society individuals try for since days of yore.  â â â â â â â â â â In a rich service held at the workplaces of PRI, the supernatural occurrence sedate was divulged to wide open approval. It was portrayed as one of the most creative and promising innovation of the 22nd century. The medication ‘Euphoria‘ is by and large viewed as the best and top rated tranquilize since viagra hit the stores. Happiness originates from the Greek word euphoros meaning solid. As what its name upholds, Euphoria plans to improve the lives of most of individuals who live in steady melancholy, destitution, and craving by inciting regular joy and rapture. To be sure, Euphoria makes a huge difference.  â â â â â â â â â â As a reaction to the developing interest in the public arena, PRI began to direct research on a medication that likely could be the organic ubermensch of the majority so as to free of consistent budgetary, social, and individual issues that the individual needs to encounter every day. On July 14, 1971, PRI kicked off the exploration on another medication that will organically dispose of issues and hardships of a person by building up a pill concentrated with endorphins and different bliss inciting synthetic concoctions that will innocuously change the hereditary code of the individual just as increment the typical endorphin tally of the ordinary human body. Consequently, Euphoria was conceived. Since the drug’s creation, it has been tried on human subjects to cling to the previous laws on creature government assistance in lieu with testing. During the mid 90’s, PRI was undermined with chapter 11 as the organization was straightforwardly scrutinized for making a flippant and indecent medication at the same time. For the most part professional life bunches dismissed the possibility of the medication, as it didn't esteem human life while learned people reprimanded it as something that is ‘atrocious’ since it takes out ‘choice’ of an individual to be hopeless. Be that as it may, it was a well known Hollywood on-screen character who bolstered the medication and brought PRI into the A-rundown of partnerships on the planet today. The three-time Oscar champ on-screen character contended openly that the medication has helped her made her profession and improved her lifestyle from that point forward. Thusly, PRI deals on Euphoria went up by half in only a year and soon the organization bacome famous as one of the main brands in social insurance in 2004. Today, Euphoria has supplanted painkillers, antidepressants, and other little league anti-infection agents since it totally keeps the client from becoming ill. It has been demonstrated viable with definitely no symptoms, for example, laziness, unsteadiness, stomach torments, chest torments, cerebral pains, fever, and demise. Since its innovation, the medication has been generally utilized by people in general and from considerable studies led by PRI itself, it has been uncovered that practically 95.457% of the populace accept the medication as a response to the issues since there are no different medications that will empower them to be upbeat and fruitful. Moreover, that rate likewise demonstrates the drug’s prevalence and viability, as it won various honors including the Discovery of the Year acknowledgment from Time Magazine. In 2008, the medication built up the name of PRI, turning into the world’s principal aggregate in therapeutic turn of events. Humble Beginnings  â â â â â â â â â â The credit with the formation of the marvelous medication goes to Dr. William Falsetto, a Harvard medication graduate, who got the unexpected motivation of making Euphoria during a cordial chat over a few brews when his partner proposed him to make a medication that has a characteristic ‘high’ without the symptoms opponent to that of viagra and morphine. On account of his experience as a recognized graduate of one of the top colleges on the planet, his validity follows with his innovation and consequently the drug’s possible achievement. [1]  â â â â â â â â â â He based his suppositions from an observational research center analysis wherein he deliberately tried the quantity of endorphins that the human body produces at an ordinary rate. In the wake of deciding such, he further probed the subject with three considerable speculations. First is to decide the measure of endorphins that an ordinary body produces when working out. In an outcome distributed in the PRI examine diary from 1991, Falsetto reasoned that the body radiates 86% more endorphins that invigorate satisfaction and elation.[2] In any case, he exposed his hypothesis expressing that practicing isn't a movement done by greater part of the majority and would subsequently cause a low selling and showcasing rate. The subsequent hypothesis was to decide the measure of endorphins when eating a lot of chocolate. The outcome was additionally encouraging however Falsetto before long found that chocolate-initiated bliss is trailed by unwanted reactions, for example, diabetes and fluctuating sugar levels of the body. The last hypothesis end up being the best as Falsetto found that endorphins could be extricated as a strong powder structure and could be put in customary tablets sold. The equation is obviously under severe assurance of the PRI, NSA, CIA, FBI, EUROPOL and the United Nations, yet Falsetto uncovered in a press meet when the medication arrived at its tenth year of achievement that it contains normally created endorphins that add to the characteristic edge of the human body and it builds satisfaction that thusly causes inspiration, vitality, and a positivist disposition. He strikingly included that the medication can supplant viagra since it additionally builds the sexual drive of the human body. On account of his experience as a Harvard graduate, the validity of the medication was never undermined when it went marked down since 1995.[3]  â â â â â â â â â â In connection with the drug’s practically fantastic disappointment, the Hollywood on-screen character who despite everything will not uncover her personality said that it nearly spared her life and profession. From that point forward, PRI initiated the praised entertainer as one of the chairpersons of the organization and in the long run her climb as the CEO of the organization. Her announcement came to nearly the total of Hollywood’s ‘royalty’ and soon, a great many individuals were persuaded of Euphoria. Heads of State and illustrious families before long stuck to this same pattern, expressing the drug’s effectivity and objectivity over dynamic, political connections, and psychological oppressor dealings. The medication additionally supplanted the hurtful and illicit medications, for example, cocaine and pot since Euphoria initiated a characteristic high without the stimulants found in the unlawful medications.  â â â â â â â â â â In 2001, 92% of the total populace conceded to the utilization of Euphoria and thus got rid of the drug’s shameless and exploitative issues with respect to its utilization and nature. The guineas pigs broadly acknowledged the drug[4] since the medication contains normal endorphins, and it follows that it possibly builds euphoria and joy feeling for the individual. Since bliss and rapture are significant for individual inspiration, the medication at that point helps in changing the disposition of the individual just as influencing change with respect to dietary patterns and conduct. Additionally, work creation has likewise been expanded since representatives are currently ‘very happy’ with their work. Elation additionally replaces viagra as a sheltered option since the medication is normally created. With medical problems, endorphins likewise increment the white blood tally of the body and in this way keep the body from gaining diseases.[5] Majority of the individuals concur on the medication since it is directly for the body and life just as the best activity. Its ethical issues were discredited since there are no passings or mishaps that are connected to the drug.[6]  â â â â â â â â â â In 1992, there was an overall intrigue to governments that the way of life for a large portion of the nations is declining a result of joblessness and neediness. Notwithstanding, when Euphoria was acquainted with the world, many concur that the medication has spared numerous lives. It is vital to specify that in one of the political discussions in the UN meeting of 2007, the gathering inferred that the personal satisfaction is consistently declining and if the case isn't tended to, progressively human lives are in question. Either the medication ought to be all inclusive sanctioned or the world would keep on debasing as far as expectations for everyday comforts and medical problems. Normally, the medication was at long last given overall endorsement during September of that year, and from that point forward, it has been demonstrated effective.[7] In any case, a few pharmaceutical organizations dismissed the case of Euphoria to be an all inclusive answer for natural issues. The case went to court, yet it was effortlessly excused by the decision that there were no meaningful professes to demonstrate that the medication was in reality ineffectual. Thus, it likewise end up being the defining moment for major and minor medication organizations as PRI purchased the organizations and framed into a global natural research company.[8] Furthermore, since there are disputes with respects the impacts of the medication, it has inferred that the medicine’s claims are valid. Mr. Falsetto got the Nobel Peace prize for Medicine and named one of the 22nd century’s most noteworthy thinkers.[9]  â â â â â â â â â â Because of Euphoria’s revelation and grand achievement, it has been viewed as the medication that spared the world from hopelessness and caused a lot of improvement in the nature of living for the entire world. There are no more wars, political moving, difficulty, p

Monday, August 10, 2020

Wait List Decisions 2013

Wait List Decisions 2013 Its been nearly two weeks since the May 1 reply deadline, and I know many of you have been anxiously awaiting news about our wait list this year. During this time, weve been waiting for all our admitted students to submit their final decisions so we could figure out whether or not we could go to our wait list this year. Every year, we always plan on admitting students from the wait list. However, this year, we saw an unprecedented, record-breaking percentage of admitted students choosing to enroll at MIT (also known in admissions parlance as the yield). This year, our yield is going to be around 72-73 percent. Last year, it was 70 percent; the year before, it was 65 percent; the year before that, it was 64 percent. Unfortunately, this means that we will not be able to admit anyone off the wait list this year. This is only the second time in the last eight years that we have not been able to go to our wait list. Today, at 5pm Eastern Time, we will notify all remaining students on our wait list via email that we will not be able to offer them admission. At that point, we will consider our wait list closed and will not admit any additional students this year for the Class of 2017. Weve seen all the wonderful updates many of you have been sending in, and truly appreciate the time and effort you have put in to letting us know how much you love MIT. We thank you for your patience during this time, and we know you will have incredibly bright futures and awesome college experiences. Big virtual hugs to you all, and we wish you all the best.

Wednesday, June 24, 2020

Cultural Imperialism Essay - 275 Words

Cultural Imperialism (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorDateCultural ImperialismMany of the non-Western peoples that Europeans colonized in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries complained that Europeans often embraced the ideals of liberty and equality yet placed restrictions on their meanings in practice. A similar criticism regarding the treatment of the working classes and ethnic minorities emerged from those who began to support nationalism and socialism in the late 19th and 20th centuries. What might this suggest about the limits of the liberal legacies of the development of capitalism, the Enlightenment, and the 18th- and 19th-century revolutions? Many historianshave tried to answer this question by delving into theanalysis between liberalism and empire. European attitudes towards colonies provided a classic example of liberal thought and how the rise of empires subjugated indigenous freedoms through cultural and capitalist imperialism.During the 17th and 18th centuries, various European empiresstarted a series of expansive programs aimed at exploring uncharted territoriesunder the guise of spreading civilization and Christian values. The justification of cultural imperialism at that time was that the assimilation of colonies intothe European culture would be highly beneficial to them. The age of enlightenment in 17th and 18th century Europe, was a cultural and intellectual period characterized by changes in ideologies regarding social and political freedoms. It was described by many scholars as the emergence of self-conscious thought and the advent of liberal universalism. It was at this time that many European nations sought to spread these imperialist ideals of truth and justice to their conquered territories. Various European powers which professed liberalism found themselves on an impasse on two fronts. Foremost, the question arose on how these nations could dominate others while at the same time championing a sense of cultural freedom. The second dimension regarded how their u niversal valuescould be applied in the face of social diversity and diverse cultural freedoms.The view by a majority of the colonies was that their European masters imposed policies which were largely justified by their imperial thoughts and views. Indeed, the French empire imposed itsideals in Algeria and regarded the colony as an integral part of France and not a separatist state. In all fairness, not all conquered territories were opposed to these imperialist ideals and values. Individuals, particularly those in the upper middle classes, embraced them terming these idealsas a progressive step towards national development. In the early 17th century, after being crowned Nawab wazir of Oudh, Saadat Ali Khan embraced the culture of the British empire by refurnishing his palace in English style decorations and placing a requirement thathis dinnerbeserved using the best English china (Collingham 171).Colonial powers highly encouraged the process of assimilation wherebyindividuals in co lonies could in essence become fully fledged citizens of their colony countries by adopting their cultures and ideals. This process inadvertently led to the spread of 'imperial capitalism' .The concept of liberalism and capitalism was centered around the notion of upholding various capitalistic ideals including the ownership of property, adequate compensation of labor and also the liberalization of exchange systems. Thelate 19th century gaverise to the 'new imperialism model' which sparked the interest by imperial powersto seek imperial territories.During their numerous conquests, the British Empire sought to economically integrate their colonies into their capitalistic chains. Nevertheless, there was a complete contradiction between the self professed liberal self-image in Britain and the application of capitalistic ideals in their acquired colonies. Efforts shifted from the propagation of liberalist capitalistic thought to the exploitation of these colonies for the benefit of the European powers. Absolute control overcolonies discouraged any form of indigenous capitalist growth. The British Empire provided a classic case of the exploitation of the free market ideal inherent in the capitalist model. They adopted the mercantilist model of trade whereby colonies were encouraged to produce raw materials. Factories in England would then process these raw materials, which were returnedand sold to the colonies. Tothe British Empire, this was highly progressive capitalismas theyestablishedmanipulative global systems of raw material accumulationand virtually competitive-free markets for their products. This process was still in effect even in the late 20th century. The film Goodbye Lenin was a parodyfilm about western imperialism ...

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Summary The Amsterdam - 1380 Words

The Amsterdam Articles August 5, 1944 Daily Edition ARRESTED! Michael Memis The Amsterdam Articles Yesterday, eight Jews in hiding were found and arrested by German and Dutch police. The people captured were Otto Frank, Hermann van Pels, Fritz Pfeffer, Peter van Pels, Edith Frank, Auguste van Pels, Margot Frank, and Anne Frank. The police were told of the location of the Jews by an anonymous person who didn’t give his name. They had hid in Otto Frank’s office building in a secret room. It was soon learned that they had been in hiding for over two years. They were helped in hiding by Miep Gies, Johannes Kleiman, Victor Kugler, and Bep Voskuijl. Only Kleiman and Kugler have been arrested so far. The van Pels and Franks started hiding in July 1942 when Margot Frank was told she was going to be taken away. Fritz Pfeffer joined them 4 months later. They had hoped to hide until the war ended. It is surprising that they weren’t found out sooner. There were multiple break-ins into their house and multiple bombings in Netherlands which could have exposed their location. They were also listening to the radio at night and lit their stove at 7:30 on Sunday mornings so their neighbors may have been able to figure out they were living there. There was also a cleaning lady but she was hard of hearing. These 8 people are being taken into prison where they will probably be transported to a labor camp somewhere in Germany’s vast empire. Feature Stories: TheShow MoreRelatedFuture Vision Digital Services864 Words   |  4 PagesINCORPORATION Executive summary: Future Vision Digital Services was a technology consulting and design firm responsible for providing a range of services including multi-platform user interface design and marketing, software engineering and technical program management, systems integration, data analysis and customer relationship management. By 2004 the company expanded its operations from Western Canada to open offices in New York, Los Angeles, Amsterdam, Singapore and Toronto. TheRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Great Impact On The World1409 Words   |  6 PagesFrank Biography). Anne was just four years old when her family emigrated to Amsterdam, Netherlands in 1933. The next year, Anne began attending a Montessori kindergarten in 1934 (The Story of Anne Frank). Anne and her sister made many friends in school and her father had established a successful company that produced a gelling agent used in jam. It was not long before Anne and her family began to feel right at home in Amsterdam (Anne Frank- World War II). Anne’s father, Otto Frank, described AnneRead MoreHow Ttip Is The United States And The European Union Help Boost The Trade Flow Between The Countries1605 Words   |  7 Pagesreorganization CET 21 terminated the agreement between CET 21 and CNTS on â€Å"questionable grounds.† (â€Å"Case Summary† 3) According to CME and its overarching boss, Mister Lauder, this termination violated the NED – CZ and USA – CZ BITs and issued a claim in Amsterdam, Stockholm and London against the Czech Republic. In both the Amsterdam and London tribunal CME was without much success, although the Amsterdam court ruled that both parties should exchange their shares, it was a significant loss for CME. ButRead More Anne Frank Remembered: Review Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagessource of background to the authors viewpoint is her own story. In order to further discuss her main points and views, a summary of her story must be given. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The book began with a brief history of the childhood of Miep Gies. She was born in Vienna, Austria in 1909, where she lived with her parents until the age eleven year. She was then sent to Amsterdam by a program in the aid of undernourished and sick children and was to be adopted by a Dutch family. She became used toRead MoreApple Inc. 2010 Case Study622 Words   |  3 PagesApple Inc. 2010 Case Study Case Summary: Steve Jobs and Steve Wazniak started Apple over 30 years ago. Over that time span, Steve jobs was fired from Apple and rehired. It was essentially Jobs that save apple with superb vision and creative innovations. The first innovation was like a fashion statement. The iMac was an innovation that put 2 products into one. The desktop was built into the screen. Then, Jobs tackled the world of portable music by inventing the iPod. He shortly followedRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1628 Words   |  7 Pagesdebt further underscored the instability of these children’s living circumstances† (Bernard, et al., 2006. p. 86). In the end, the parent’s financial difficulties because of illicit drug use may put children at risk for homelessness. Historical Summary/ Outline Our country has a long history on trying to control substances that may negatively affect its citizen. During mid-1800, as the number of Chinese immigrant grows, we have seen an increase in Opium usage. Because of this the city of San FranciscoRead MoreThe Ascent Of Money : A Financial History Of The World Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pagesargues that the ascent of money is the main driving force to build the history of human, ranging from ancient Mesopotamia, Roman Empire, gold and silver of the Incas to many powerful financial families such as House of Medicis, Rothchilds, Rising of Amsterdam bank and London Bank to the hedge funds of twenty-first century. In six chapters of the book, Ferguson examined the process of forming the milestones contributing to the modern financial world: the origin of the currency, bonds, stock, insuranceRead MoreReport On Magnum Ice Cream982 Words   |  4 PagesReport for Magnum ice cream, (UK) For the period of time Image 1- Executive summary This report will focus on the corporate objectives and strategies of Magnum ice cream in the United Kingdom. Magnum is an ice cream brand owned by the British/Dutch Unilever company. Magnum offers a vast variety of ice cream worldwide.Today, Magnum is one of the world s leading ice cream brands, selling one billion units annually worldwide, and it is the biggest brandRead MoreRoyal Philips Has A Long Standing And Rich History1597 Words   |  7 Pagesoverall health of the organization. Based on the research, I will be in a position to make recommendations to the company for improvement. Introduction Corporate name, founding date, founding leaders. Philips was established on May, 18 1891, in Amsterdam. Gerard Philips and his father Frederik founded Philips and Company, which is known today as Royal Philips or Koninklijke Philips in Europe. Gerard had no business experience, but did have extensive technical knowledge. He had previously workedRead MoreThe Three Views of Conflict: How Criminal Justice Agencies Function in the Midst of Conflict1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthe content and goals of the work (Robbins Judge, 2011). The second type is relationship conflict; this conflict focuses on how group members relate to one another. The third type is process conflict which focuses on how the work gets done. In summary, these three conflict views, not all conflicts are counterproductive. Conflict can be either functional or dysfunctional as seen in the interactionist view of conflict. When conflict occurs in a group that causes constant strife and discord, the

Monday, May 18, 2020

Gender and Sexulaity - 1627 Words

Jackie Pappas Professor Winchock ENWR 106-AN March 5, 2013 Paper #2 – Middle Draft Gender amp; Sexuality Our everyday lives are greatly affected by ones gender and sexuality. They shape who we are and define our identities. Society expects a certain gender to behave in a specific way and if this does not happen, one is seen as shameful and wrong, leaving the individual to feel defeated and out of place. In society only a few decades ago, women were meant to be silent and restricted. Men were the superior ones who had a voice. They freely got to do whatever they pleased. In Julia Avarez’ â€Å"Daughter of Invention and Judith Ortiz Cofer’s poem â€Å"The Changeling,† women were restricted of their true identities and their voices were†¦show more content†¦In the Dominican Republic under Trujillo’s rule, women were only expected to be two things: a wife and a mother. They were restricted to being anything but. They did not have permission to explore their interests such as inventing. Women were expected to take care of the house and the family and if they did anything else, saying they’d be in trouble is an understatement. Women were not allowed to be free to be who they are. Women were expected to only take care of the family and the house even if they wanted to do something else. It is still joked about today all over the Internet that women belong in the kitchen. While it is meant as a harmless joke, it is a reality for others. For example, it was a reality for the speaker in â€Å"The Changeling.† While her father was very amused with his daughter dressing as a man, her mother was not. When it was time for the family to sit down for dinner, the mother â€Å"[forbad her] from sitting down with them as a man† (Cofer 725). The mother felt that when her daughter dressed in her brother’s clothes, it was distracting her from being a girl. She is forced to go back into the closet to change back into her expected outfit. The speaker, who once saw a closet full of adventure, then saw the same closet as a dark space (Cofer 725). When she emerged from the closet, back into reality, she walked back into â€Å"the real world of her [mother’s] kitchen† (Cofer

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Essay on The Mass Slaughter The Rwandan Genocide - 881 Words

Escaping is a pleasure to some people and to some it was a necessity, like to Jack Werber, â€Å"Escape was not our goal since it was so unrealistic. What we wanted was to survive, to live long enough to tell the world what had happened in Buchenwald.† This quote by Jack Werber is inspiring to some people. Jack Werber did live long enough to tell his story, like a lot of Tutsis in the Rwandan genocide. The Rwandan Genocide impacted not only the Tutsis, but the world. Its surprising how a place outside of the United States made such a big impact on the world. A genocide similar to the Holocaust took place in a small african country. Rwanda, is a small landlocked state in central and east Africa. Located a few degrees south of the Equator.†¦show more content†¦On the day of April 6th 1994, the mass murders sparked a ferocious wave of bloody reprisals as thousands of ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered over the next three months, killing almost 10,000 peop le everyday. Hutu extremists were told to load up on weapons like knives, guns, axes, whatever they could find so they could kill tutsis. They could do whatever they wanted to the Tutsis. The Hutu government said â€Å"Spare no one, especially the babies.† The Hutus goal was to kill every Tutsi in Rwanda. As told by Border guards, people have been floating down the river in hundreds everyday for weeks. Many bodies had their hands tied behind their backs. They were either shot, hacked, clubbed, burned, or drowned. During the 100 days of the brutal massacre known as the Rwandan Genocide, between 800,000 to a million people were tragically murdered. Tutsis were not the only ones being killed. Hutus were also being killed for various reasons. If people thought they felt regretful for what they were doing to the Tutsi, they would be killed. If the Hutus tried to help the Tutsi in anyway they were killed. Many of the Hutus were killed if they opposed the killing campaign and the forces directing it. The Rwandan genocide was planned. Even before the plane was shot down killing the Habyarimana president, the Hutus were planning on killing the Tutsi’s, wiping out their whole population. Hutu leaders were secretlyShow MoreRelatedThe Rwandan Genocide : 100 Days Of Mass Slaughter1357 Words   |  6 Pages The Rwandan Genocide: 100 Days of Mass Slaughter â€Å"Seldom in history has a once-dominant group suffered so terrible a reversal of fortune as the Tutsi of Rwanda†- Robin Hallet. The event that Robin Hallet is referring to is the Rwandan Genocide, the â€Å"genocidal mass slaughter† of the Tutsi (the minority group in Rwanda) and a few Hutu (the dominant group in Rwanda) by â€Å"members of the Hutu majority,† which resulted in at least 1 million Rwandan deaths. The Rwandan Genocide was indirectly causedRead MoreInternational Community Is Culpable For The Rwandan Genocide1376 Words   |  6 PagesApril to June 1994, in a mere 100 days, approximately 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were murdered during the Rwandan genocide (Destexhe, 1994). The international community failed to prevent or stop this slaughter. Considering the horrific nature of this genocide and the vast number of victims, there is a question whether the international community is culpable for the Rwandan genocide; specifically, the role o f its key players, the US, the UN, France and Belgium. I will argue that the internationalRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1188 Words   |  5 PagesRwandan Genocide The Rwandan Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and lasted for about 100 days (History). The two groups involved, the Hutus and Tutsis, were in a massive conflict after their president was killed. The Hutus brutally killed about 800,000 Tutsis and supporters. This tragic genocide was not stopped by other countries during its peak, leaving the world wondering why. As we commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide, it is important to be informed about the tragedy. The wayRead MoreRwanda Genocide: Who Is to Blame?1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe Genocide in Rwanda: Who is to Blame? By Maria Chiara Billones Lucatello February 3, 2010 International Relations Mr. Conzemius â€Å"A small boy of 11 years, was curled up in a ball of fresh flesh and blood, in his eyes was a glance of lost hope, abandonment, and defeat. He was without vision; A little girl at nine years of age, was pinned up against a tree†¦her legs apart, and she was covered in things even hell can’t imagine; excrement, urine and blood . . . in her mouth was cold fresh meat, cutRead MoreA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Thousands of people died. The only reason is because they were a different political party. There are terrible economies. People are suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be alive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. RwandaRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesSohal/ Mrs. Love Period 3 17 October 2014 The Rwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000 Tutsis, but various countries’Read MoreThe Death Of Julius Caesar By William Shakespeare And The Rwandan Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesJulius Caesar by William Shakespeare and the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. The omens and nightmares in the play foreshadow the death of Julius Caesar that later resulted to chaos in Rome. The events that lead to the assassination of Julius Caesar are predicted by omens from characters such as his wife Calphurnia, the Soothsayer, Artemidorus and from the environment. Similarly, many warnings in the Rwanda history triggered the genocid al slaughter, the Rwandan Genocide. The warnings illustrated tensions betweenRead MoreEssay on Genocide: Examples of Rowanda and Germany885 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition, genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwandas Tutsis and Hutu political moderates by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideals. Hutus believed the Tutsi were taking their jobs, and that they were foreigners who had worn out their welcome (Genocide-Rwanda). In comparison to Germany, the largest genocide in history,Read MoreInformative Speech on Rwandan Genocide Outline1300 Words   |  6 PagesBen Johnson Intro to Comm. 1320-04 11/8/12 Rwandan Genocide General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To share with the class that the Rwandan Genocide was a brutal genocide that most people know little about. Thesis: The Rwandan Genocide is one of the lesser known, quickest, and most inhumane genocides this world has ever seen, and it is still affecting the people of Rwanda till this day. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction I. Attention Getter:Read More Genocide in Rwanda Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesGenocide War is not a necessary evil humans must endure. Although, war is not necessary, humans go to war to try to gain power, fortune, and to spread their particular group’s religions and beliefs. By definition civilization is an advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions. The chaos of war

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Conflict Between Syria And The Middle Eastern Region...

Geography 142 Life In Syria Syria is a country located in the Middle Eastern region of the world, and is currently in the stages of developing. It is located on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and lies between the neighboring countries of Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Turkey, and Lebanon. Much of Syria’s economy is based on agriculture, oil, industry and services. All of which are major reasons why Syria could be a developing country. Syria’s population has been steadily increasing since the 1960’s, and today has reached a population of about 22 million. The majority religion in Syria, like most Middle Eastern countries, is Islam. Therefore the main language spoken in Syria is Arabic because it is the universal language spoken in Islam.†¦show more content†¦above sea level. (e.g. The Euphrates River runs through the east end of the country and was dammed off in 1973. As a result, water was retained and a reservoir was created. This reservoir was named Lake Assad and is the largest lake in the country. According to Princeton.edu, only about 28% of all the land in Syria is arable, 46% of the land is meadows and pastures, and 3% is forests and woodland. The landscape is mostly arid, so crops like wheat and barley make up two-thirds of the agriculture in the country. Cotton is also a major cash crop grown in Syria and is and has been a big part of their economy for years. As water is a scarce resource in Syria and other neighboring countries, most of these crops are grown in the Euphrates river valley. Overall, agriculture contributes to a large portion of Syria’s economy. Syria is still a developing country in the Middle East. Its economy is based on agriculture and oil. Just these two pillars in the Syrian economy make up for about one half of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Since the start of the Syrian civil war, Syria’s economy has taken a huge hit. The government has restricted trade between several countries such as the United States, Japan, and Australia. As a result, Syria has been faced with a major economic decline. These restrictions have reversed the otherwise growing economy. According to the United Nations (UN), there have been an estimated 143 billion dollars in economic damages as a result of the civil war.

Can Brownfield Sites Become Multi-functional Landscapes Free Essays

1.Introduction The focus of this study is to investigate ways in which Brownfield sites can be developed to create sustainable, multifunctional public open spaces that don’t suppress natural processes. The investigation will centre on:- the importance of Brownfield sites; sustainable and viable development; and relevant case studies. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Brownfield Sites Become Multi-functional Landscapes? or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is Multi-functional Spaceâ€Å"Something that is multi-functional does several things or has several different uses†. (Macmillan Dictionary definition). In landscape terms, multi-functionalism is the making of design provision for the many demands that are placed upon a site. In the past, landscape design has focused on the need to solve one particular problem, such as purely aesthetic values. In recent times, a broader approach to design is becoming increasingly important, due to higher pressures on land use and the idea of social, economical and ecological sustainability. Historically, landscape design has not been concerned with multi-functionalism, although naturally, some landscapes have evolved to accommodate different needs, thus becoming multi-functional. Increasing pressures on land has forced designers to become progressively more aware that space needs to be utilised, as a result of population growth and the needs that this creates, such as industry, housing, energy resources and transport. As a result, designers need to find ways to warrant the creation of open spaces by making them multi-functional, thereby meeting different needs and fully utilising the space. 2. Brownfield Sites This section will look at what a Brownfield site is and why they are important. 2.1 What, Where and Why Brownfield sites are defined as â€Å"previously developed land† (London Development Agency). These can be found throughout urban areas, old residential areas or more commonly on ex-industrial land. As a result of this industrial past, many Brownfield sites are registered as contaminated, normally by low concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution. Many can be found in areas of high density that are under pressure for development and regeneration. There are over 66,000 hectares of Brownfield sites in England and about 30% are in high-growth areas (The Ecologist, 2005), resulting in most developments of Brownfield sites being residential. The government set a target that 60% of new developments are to be built on Brownfield sites. This has been met 8 years before schedule (Brownfield Land Redevelopment: Position Statement, 2003). The speed at which this target was met has called for targets to be made at a regional level rather that nationally, whilst also trying to promote the appropriate sustainable development uses, not focused solely on building. ‘Some Brownfield and derelict land can represent important wildlife habitat, public green space or a core part of urban green networks. These are important in providing good quality of life, and Brownfield reuse must strike an appropriate balance in the interests of sustainable development.’ (Environment agency, 2003) Brownfield sites are becoming more and more important to natural process as areas of land are become more urbanised. They contribute to the flood alleviation, wild life habitats and urban green space. 2.3 Important Assets of Brownfield Sites Brownfield sites are seen by most people as an eye-sore and waste land but they can support as many rare invertebrates as ancient woodlands. Though some may not be ideal habitats for invertebrates, they can be ideal for small mammals, birds, insects and plant species. This section will look at some of the benefits and assets that these sites may have. Vegetation Vegetation on Brownfield site is very rarely intentional and normally plants have naturally colonized the site or unintentionally be introducing to the site in foreign waste, such as waste soil and rubble. The majority of the time it is the hardy alien (non-native) species that initially establish but as Brownfield site do not have high grade soil they find it hard to take hold and native species, larger vegetation and tree and start to colonize the site. One of the most important factors of Brownfield vegetation it that it is unmanaged and as a result is constantly changing. Scrubland will become grass land and grass land will become woodland. This dynamic landscape is the reason why Brownfield site are among the most bio diverse places in urban areas. What’s more, they are one of the some sustainable place due to plants only growing where condition are right, in contrast with maintained parks where conditions are artificially changed to support the needs of the plant. This Quote state the typical approach to park maintains in Britain and questions its value. ‘Traditionally the design and management of British parks has favoured an ornamental and manicured appearance. This limits the potential of existing parks as ecologically functional green spaces. In order to enhance the opportunities for biodiversity, park management plans can be revised with the aim of encouraging more species-rich and structurally diverse vegetation. Common examples include reducing mowing to encourage wildflowers and the establishment of field and shrub layers under trees.’ (Town and Country Planning Association, Biodiversity by Design, 2004) Invertebrates One of the reasons why these Brownfield sites tend to be so good for invertebrates is due to the complex life-cycle of these invertebrates, with each stage of growth having different requirements. The repetitive disturbance and the poor quality soil of some sites, naturally promotes the development of a variety of different habitats that these invertebrates require. Due to the increasing pressure on countryside habitats from agriculture and development, urban Brownfield sites could be the saviour of some rare species. â€Å"The intensification of farming has led to the loss of flower-rich grasslands from the countryside, leaving Brownfield sites as the last refuge for species reliant upon such resources.† (Buglife-Brownfields, 2011) Brownfield sites are often used for unofficial purposes that result in areas with reduced vegetation or bare ground and this becomes an environment in itself. Significantly, the Brownfield site is one of the only places where this type of habitat occurs in urban areas. Bare ground warms up rapidly in sunshine and is used by burrowing and ground nesting invertebrates, which provides a foraging area for visual predators. A population of invertebrates will attract more animals and in turn, through increased opportunities for predators, there will be a greater variety of animals, bringing about a more complete eco system. Butterflies and Moths Moths and Butterflies are one of the insect groups that have been severely affected by changes made to the countryside through agriculture and re-forestation. This has resulted in urban ex-industrial land becoming of vital importance to support healthy colonies of butterflies and moths. There are a large number of butterflies that can be found on Brownfield sites, such as the Small Copper, Peacock and Common Blue. But Brownfield sites can also be home to numerous different rare and endangered species, such as the Small Blue, Grayling and Dingy Skipper, which are all on the UKBAP priority species list. As stated earlier, sites that have colonised slowly and naturally, often develop a variety of different micro habitats. Butterflies and Moths act as a perfect example of insects which need a variety of environments, due to their complicated life-cycle. The site has to provide areas of sparse vegetation, food opportunities for the young caterpillar and an array of nectar source for adults. The sites should also be sheltered and have good sun exposure. The reason why butterfly colonies are important on Brownfield sites is because they both create and are a good indicator of biodiversity, as they react very quickly to environmental change. This makes them a good measure of ecological health; if there are a large variety of butterflies, the site will usually support lots of other species. â€Å"Butterflies are increasingly being recognised as valuable environmental indicators, both for their rapid and sensitive responses to subtle habitat or climatic changes and as representatives for the diversity and responses of other wildlife† (UKBMS, 2010) Flooding Flooding is becoming an increasingly important issue as concerns about climate change grow. A study done by the University of East Anglia has shown that there has been an increase in heavy precipitation in the last hundred years, which cannot be seen as a result of man-made climate change. In parallel, we are covering our urban landscape with non-permeable surfacing such as concrete and natural paving, giving the surface water nowhere to go, leading to over-flowing sewers and damage to infrastructure. This is making our urban green spaces (including Brownfield sites) increasingly more important as a way of dealing with this water through infiltration into the soil and transpiration. There are ways to improve how these urban green spaces manage water, but some methods of cliff stabilisation and the implementation of flood defences can be detrimental to natural habitats. â€Å"Scientists at the University Of East Anglia (UEA) have found that winter precipitation – such as rain and snow – became more intense in the UK during the last 100 years.† (Science Daily, Feb. 15, 2008) The next group of images shows what the increasing urbanisation is doing to natural systems and the wider affect this is having on the environment. Brownfield sites can help alleviate this problem. 2.3 Options for the future management and development There are three options when looking at the future of Brownfield site as in the future it will not be possible to just continue to leave them. This section will look in to the three options available, Protect, Re-locate, re-establish Protection Protection of Brownfield site could be a good option for sites that have high ecological value. This would protect them for future development and any detrimental effect from human disturbance. As was mentioned before there are huge pressures on Brownfield site for development so there needs to be a viable reason for the blocking of development. There is already ways in which site can become protected, one of which is them become registered as a SSSI and there for very unlike to be disturbed. Even though some of these site could be considered as SSSI quality they rarely get recognised, this can be seen in a page by Andy Mclay titled ‘A review of non-statutory grassland sites within the Durham Magnesian Limestone Natural Area’. Another way that sites can be protected is as a habitat for protected species such as Bats and Great Crested Newts. Re-location Relocation is now being used by developers, to allow then to build of specific areas. If the site wanting to be developed has protected species then in some case these animals can be moved to a suitable location, sometimes this leads to the creation of new habitats. This has because very popular when dealing with newts and amphibians. There seems to be two issues with this relocation of habitats and most of these revolve around the relocated animals. One is that the species will not take to their new home and as result a decline in population. Another problem is that when relocating animals in to new, existing habitats they may have a negative impact on animals already inhabiting the site. Re-establish The final option is the re-establishment of use on the site. The site has to be adapted or change to accommodate necessary public or private needs. This is the area in which the focus of this essay is going to look at, whilst taking to account the other options. 2.4How are they perceived? â€Å"It has become conventional wisdom to see the modern city as the product of cheap energy, economic forces, high technology and a denial of nature; as the epitome of environmental deterioration† (Hough, M, 1983). As was mentioned in 2.1, a large amount of Brownfield sites are located in high growth areas. As these sites are located in developed or developing sites, new builds will already have a surrounding infrastructure, making them a safer investment for developers. Also, councils predominantly prefer to build on urban Brownfield sites to reduce urban sprawl. For these two reasons it is difficult to warrant green space development for public space unless it is multi-functional. The public attitude to Brownfield sites does not reflect their ecological and environmental qualities. Many see them as places for illegal activities, such as drug abuse and fly-tipping, mainly due to the lack of security, safety and maintenance. After taking a selected group to one of Leeds’s many ex-industrial Brownfield sites, this idea of public disapproval was confirmed. To gather some primary research as small group of people were taken to a Brownfield site in Armley, situated between the river Aire and the Leeds-Liverpool canal. Though this site is position away from the majority of the surrounding urban dominance, bored by two water course their initial reaction were very negative. Some of the words used to describe the area were; uninteresting, boring, dodgy, pointless, dangerous, lost and dirty. They were then asked what they would do to improve the site, not one of the answer mention the preservation of any of the existing areas. This high lights the main negative view the public have of these abandoned forgotten places. Human Benefits There are many human benefits to having quality, sustainable and bio-diverse public spaces. One is how these spaces can bring the community together, through volunteer work and a place to act as a meeting place. Cities are expanding at such a rate that districts are losing their individuality and community spirit. Could development of Brownfield site help to give back this community feelIs come cases public parks have be created trough community projects which can only be beneficial but volunteers tend to consisted of the older generation that have the time to spend. Mental health is becoming a growing concern in urban area as stress level increase year on year. There has been suggestions that having access to natural and urban green space can improve mental health, even recovery rates in hospitals. Further scientific research has been carried out to see if there are any significant benefits to mental well-being. â€Å"Access to good quality green space provides an effective, population-wide strategy for the promotion of good health, wellbeing and quality of life† (Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 2007, The Urban Environment, TSO). There was a wide range of different research method used which found that just having nature visible has powerful effect on human health as well as increasing children’s cognitive functions. The evidence collected is strong enough that councils should consider areas of natural planning in newly developed area and existing communities. There are also more physical benefits to have local green space. These include:- a place to take part in sporting activities such a walking, football and children’s play areas. In a survey carried out by Sport England 2003 walking was found to be the most popular activity (75%), then use of play area (43%) and relaxing enjoying the aesthetic qualities (28%). Hidden way in some Brownfield site can be remnants of significant cultural structures. These could consist of factory buildings, mines, important historical social building. These can be an important focal point for the surrounding community, reflecting what their community used to be based around. Conclusion Naturalised Brownfield sites can become ideal habitats for rare and endangered species and, as a result, form an urban connection with nature that is missing in many of our urban areas. However the huge ecological importance of these sites is not reflected the public views of them, most people see them as a place of crime, waste and are a negative aspect. The reason that they are so diverse is due to the lack of human interaction but this also makes then near unusable spaces. Also Brownfield space can have an important role in the natural systems they the urbanisation has disrupted, as well as benefitting the life of the city dwellers. The next section is going to investigate whether it is possible to develop these Brownfield sites in a way that makes then usable spaces whilst retaining some of their important assets, making them multifunctional. 3. Case Studies This section will explore three existing sites that and looked at the way that they have tried to improve Brownfield site from multifunctional public use. 3.1 Qiaoyuan Park Qiaoyuan Park, Tianjin, China is an excellent example of ecological design. It has been designed taking in to account natural processes and the demand for a relaxed recreational space for local people. Through natural processes, this park addresses such issues as soil contamination and the distribution of storm water. The concept of the design was â€Å"Adaptive Palettes†, planted with native species that were allowed to develop naturally. China’s dramatic urbanisation and economic boom has placed it in a perfect position to become the world leaders in sustainable city developments, where natural process will become a lynch pin in the longevity of the modern city. Densely populated at the south and east boundaries, the site is bordered on the west and north sides by a highway and an overpass. Originally, it was a 22 hectare shooting range, but due to the rapid urbanisation had become Tianjin’s rubbish dump and more importantly, a drainage sink for storm water. The development project for Qiaoyuan Park started in 2003 and the local government wanted the site to be transformed to provide instant impact. As I mention earlier in this study, the best way to encourage biodiversity is to let a site evolve and colonise naturally. Some of the aims for the site were to naturally improve the poor saline-alkaline soil, to reflect the natural surrounding environment, to help keep the park as low maintenance as possible and introduce a method of holding and purifying storm water through natural processes. The challenge for the designers was how to incorporate soil improvement, storm water purification, environmental education and useable public space with aesthetic qualities. The city of Tianjin is situated in North East China and was once surrounded by salt marshes and wetlands, which have now unfortunately, due to urbanisation and human pressures, disappeared. This is where the inspiration for the park was taken, with a focus on the variety that can be created through changes in the ph values, nutrient values and the water table. These varieties would then result in creating a range of pockets of different native plant and animal communities, with the slogan ‘let nature work’. The final design incorporates 21 pond cavities, ranging in size between 10 – 40m and 1 – 5m in depth. Each cavity was constructed at different levels, for example, some being excavated on mounds, others excavated to create lower points across the site, allowing the pond cavities to have their own changing characteristics throughout the seasons. Some became ponds, wetlands, seasonal ponds and some remained dry. Storm water leaves behind minerals and nutrients in the ponds and wetlands whilst the saline-alkali soil in the dry cavities is improved due to filtration. As mentioned earlier, the local government wanted an instant impact, so initially seed mixes were used to give the vegetated areas a kick start, but unplanned native species were allowed to grow. Looking at the park in plan view, you can see that it is made up of a collection of pockets of vegetation, split by several serpentine red asphalt walkways, which have along their sides, information boards to help educate the urbanites about ecology and the natural environment. In some of the cavities, wooden platforms have been constructed to allow visitors to experience each pocket from it heart. Overall, this park has been seen as a great success and in the first two months of opening, hosted about 200,000 visitors and now sees thousands of visitors every day. This park shows that a biologically diverse landscape does not have to be an ugly, rough eye sore, but can be usable, beautiful and a benefit to the local community. This park does fulfil all the aims it set out to achieve but there are some areas and people that is does not seem to cater for. Parks are generally seen as a place of leisure, which include playing sports and physical activity. This park does not accommodate for that at all. It asks the question, is it possible to have a truly multi-functional space for both people and nature? 2.3 Minet Park The park is situated in a heavily built up area in the London Borough of Hillingdon, measuring approximately 36 ha. The majority of the site is surrounded by public and private building but is also bored by the Yeading Brook and is a short distance from the Grand Union Canal. The Minet site was originally use as grazing land but by 2000 had become mainly wasteland. There has been a wide variety of uses across the site, these range from harvesting of brick and earth resulting in area that have had to be in filled with hardcore and subsoil, to areas that have been polluted with chemical waste. There was also evidence of illegal fly tipping that can been seen in the image below. However the site did have strong ecological values despite ground contamination issues and invasive plants such as Japanese Knotweed. The reason for developing this waste land was to create a public green space to break up dense urban areas, however the main focus was to protects, conserve and enhance the existing ecological benefits. For the ecological impact assessment the site was divided up in to three section, a north section, central section and south section. The north section was found to have the least species diversity but as it was relatively undisturbed, provided a good habitat for breeding and wintering birds. The central section, due to the high levels of human disturbance was mainly made up of hard standing and poor quality grass giving it low ecological value. The south section was found to be the most diversity, being made up of small fields, scrub, hedges and a pond with drainage ditch. This assessment also found a number different species, â€Å"including 11 dragonfly, 21 butterfly and 94 bird species (with 35 of these breeding on the site, including several of Conservation Concern).† (A Rocha, 2009) In 2001 and 2002 the first stage in the development started, to clear up all the rubbish and start work on improving the poor quality central section of the park. This was done up the creation of four large bunds what where planted with a wildflower and grass mix. Also in 2002 a bird ringing program was started in the southern section of the site. This was carried out due to the high number of different Warbler species found. Warblers are migrating bird and the purpose of this research was to see if these birds return to the site year on year. In 2002 a total of 452 birds where ringed. In 2003 more extensive planting took place. Blocks of tree where planted throughout the northern section of the park, each block with curved edges and fringed by low growing species to help create a woodland edge habitat. This planting did not continue in to the central section as this had been listed as a conservation area. In addition to this the pond in the southern section of the site was cleaned and enlarged, with it profiles changed to become gradual and more natural looking. Gravel paths where introduced across the site. These where carefully located so that they did not affect the areas that supported more sensitive wildlife communities. I addition to all the ecological based improvements, a large amenity grass area was created in the centre of the site to cater for the public’s needs. Throughout the design and construction of the site, a conservation charity called A Rocha was consulted. They helped by creating the ecological impact assessment and by allocating the areas that have to be isolated from human disturbance. Before the development of the Minet site it was cherished by the animals and plant that inhabited it. Through this redevelopment it is now appreciated by the local community, who as a result look after it. The importance and assets of the site have been highlighted. 3.3 Sudgelande Introduction Sudgelande, is a natural park located in central Berlin, which has now been made accessible to the public. Originally a shunting station, it was left unused for forty years and in that time was reclaimed by nature. It is now an official urban conservation area, where nature is protected by law, due to the rich bio-diversity. Many different design ideas have been used to accommodate the varying demands of the both people and nature. History – From freight rail yard to new wilderness The nature-park Sudgelande is situated on a part of a former much larger freight rail yard that was built between 1880-1890. The old photograph taken in the 1930s gives you an indication of its former utility and the fundamental change it’s undergone. The area was in full use until after the end of World War II when the train service was discontinued and only part of the site was used for repairing and housing trains. As the majority of the area was unused and neglected, the colonisation of native species occurred. After 45 years this natural growth became the foundation to the design, management and future public use of the land. Sites of this scale and location are very uncommon and this scenario only arose due to political reasons. Even though the site was in West Berlin, it was under East Berlin authority, as were all Berlin’s rail yards. Heavily used roads and tracks cut the site off, making it almost inaccessible to the public. As a result of this isolation and disuse, the site became forgotten. At the end of the 1970s there was a new awareness of the site, when the local authorities proposed the development of a new shunting station. The local citizens’ group opposed the plan for the new development and put forward an idea to create a nature park in its place. To support this, they asked for an ecological survey of the area to be carried out by the city government. The results of this survey showed that this abandoned rail yard was one of the most ecologically valuable areas in the city, due to the biodiversity that had naturally developed over thirty years. This survey and pressure from the local people culminated in the creation of a nature park. One of the reasons why the local authorities accepted the idea of the nature park was that the rapid development of Berlin in the nineties required some form of ecological colonisation. In addition, the property rights were handed over to the state of Berlin in 1996. One of the conditions for this handover was that the nature park would become an official protected area. This was open to the public in May 2000. The site is around 18 ha and around 1.5km in length. It is split into two conservation areas, one a nature conversation site and the other a landscape conservation site. The variety of geological and man-made features created the opportunity for the growth of multiple micro habitats and a large variety of naturally colonising flora and fauna to establish. Some of the geological man-made features are viaducts, ramps, embankments, open plains, and cuttings. From: Kowarik, 1992, Dahlman, 1998, Saure, 2001 (The following table 1 gives a quantitative impression of the diversity of the site.) Two surveys were carried out, one in 1981 and the other in 1992. These surveys showed a rapid increase in woody vegetation in this ten year period. The first survey showed that only 37% of the site was wooded. This figure almost doubled in the second survey when the wooded area was found to be 70%. This natural re-forestation would have been detrimental to the existing bio diversity values that the site had been protected for. The increase in tree numbers would have meant a decrease in other plant communities and a reduction in habitat varieties. from: Kowarik Langer, 1994 (according to Asmus, 1981 and Kowarik, 1992) The designers of the site used three main design principles to allow the site to be used by the public without adversely affecting the ecological qualities. The first principle was a direct result of some of the surveys mentioned above; this was the definition and maintenance of individual spaces. They grouped the site into three different area types, each with their own individual maintenance strategy. These were: ‘clearings have been opened and partly enlarged; stands that are light and open are to be maintained as groves; while in the wild woods the natural dynamics can proceed fully unfettered’. There are two reasons for the creation of these groupings, one is to maintain the ecological importance across the site, and the other is to increase aesthetic and spatial qualities. Some changes had to be made to the site to make it accessible for the public. Tracks were created based around the old railway structure. Underpasses and ramps were also developed to create path systems on different planes. This was all done to have minimal impact. In the more highly protected nature conservation area, raised metal walkways have been installed which follow old rail tracks, making this important area accessible whilst protecting vegetation, as the walkways are raised 50cm above all vegetation. Although the site has been developed as a wilderness park, some cultural elements have been kept, such as water cranes, signals and rail turntables. These were enhanced by a group of artists called Odious who also played a big part in the designs of the raised metal walkways. One of the most iconic structures that remain in the site is the old water tower, which is a registered landmark. Another cultural element that has been allowed is graffiti on the retaining walls of the cuttings and fly-over’s. Sudgelande has become an excellent example of a nature park for the local community to learn and enjoy nature but there where unusual circumstances to it creation. This study is looking at the possibility to turn a Brownfield sites in to a multifunctional public open space. A site a not be just left for 30 years to develop naturally, to then be made access and maintain, there need to be some kind of instant impact. Having said that, there could be stages of development that happen at different times in reaction to the dynamic landscape. 4. Findings and Conclusion This section will explore the findings, as well as looking at some of the possible and most viable opportunities for making a space multifunctional. These have been chosen to show a cross section of the option and opportunities available when design dual purpose public open space. There have been many findings throughout this study, the importance of Brownfield sites and the way in which this can evolve to become usable multifunctional green spaces. One of the key finds that this study has uncovered is the environmental importance of Brownfield sites. It has shown that the common belief that a grassy park is more beneficial than abandoned ex-industrial land is not justified. Not only has the ecological importance been highlight but the need of these spaces for local communities and mental health. A connection with nature has to be kept especially in urban areas. In addition, if the public appreciate the place and the assets are made visible, the site will have some kind of protection and care, this could not only be physical but political. For a site to be appreciated by an entire community it needs to for fill their multiple needs, in other word be multifunctional, if public open space can for fill many different needs and requirements they will be seen as a necessity rather than a luxury. Another find of the study is that collective needs can have a single solution. An example of this can be seen in section, 3.1 Qiaoyuan Park. Series of pools have been use to help create wildlife habitats, act as SUD’s and become an aesthetic feature. Conclusion The title of this study is ‘Can Brownfield Sites Become Multi-functional Landscapes?’, the answer is yes but it has also show more, it has shown that Brownfield site can and should be developed to create multifunction public open space but also that Brownfield site have so many important qualities that should not be overlooked. Designers should bear in mind that as country side habitats are being destroyed, urban parks are now not only for people but for nature too. After this study there are still some questions that arise. One is that, what makes green development viable, what are the makers, bearing in mind other development pressuresAnother is, is it possible for urban areas to take the place of declining country side habitats? This topic is important to the future development of urban landscape and these unused spaces could be the answer to some of the future problems. Bibliography Andreas Langer (2009) Urban Wildscapes [internet] Germany, Andreas Langer. Available from: [Accessed January 6th 2011] New York City Global Partners (2010) Best Practice: Railway Switchyard Converted into Green Space [internet]. New York. New York City Global Partners. Available from: [Accessed January 6th 2001] The Economist (2005) Blooms on brownfields: More private money is regenerating Europe’s industrial wastelands [internet]. London. The Economist. Available from: [Accessed 23rd November] Environment Agency (2003) Brownfield Land Redevelopment: Position Statement [internet], London, Environment Agency. Available from: [Accessed 27th December 2010] ScienceDaily (2008) Heavy Rainfall On The Increase In UK [internet], ScienceDaily. Available from: [Accessed February 24th 2011] United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (2006) Butterflies as indicators. Dorset. UKBMS. Available from [Accessed 3rd February 2011] A Rocha (2004) Butterflies as indicators [internet], Cambridge, A Rocha. Available from [Accessed 1st March] Richard M. Daley, Ken Greenberg, Hillary Brown, Robert Campbell, Douglas I. Foy (2005) Logical: Greening the 21st Century City [internet], Massachusetts, MIT. Available from [Accessed 29th November 2010] http://www.cabe.org.uk/ SLA (2010) The City as Artificial Ecosystem. [internet], Copenhagen, World Landscape Architecture. Available from http://www.worldlandscapearchitect.com/ [Accessed 11th November 2010] Ian Douglas (No Data) Psychological and mental health benefits from nature and urban greenspace. [internet], Manchester, Ian Douglas. Available from [Accessed 7th January 2011] Ian Douglas (2004) Urban greenspace and mental health. [Internet], UK MAB. Available from [Accessed 7th January 2011] N.Miller, Peter Werner (2010) Urban biodiversity and design. Conservation science series no.7. Chichester. Wiley-Blackwell. Dunnett, Nigel (2004) The dynamic landscape: design, ecology and management of naturalistic urban planting. London. Spon Press. Hough, M, (presented 1981 Vancouver) edited P.A. Miller and L. Diamond (1982), The Urban Landscape – The Hidden Frontier, published by Frontier Landscape, Vol XV No 4 1983. Dixon, Timothy J (2007) Sustainable brownfield regeneration : liveable places from problem spaces. Oxford. Blackwell House Builders’ Federation (1998) Urban life : breaking down the barriers to Brownfield Development. London. Housebuilders Federation. Michael Hough. (1984). City Form and Natural Process. London: Routledge. Don Gill and Pynelope Bonnett. (1973). Nature in the Urban Landscape, A Study of City Ecostystems.Boltimore: York Press, Inc O.L. Gilbert. (1989).The Ecology of Urban Habitats. New York: Chapman and Hall Middlesbrough Borough Council. (1993). Space for Nature , In Middlesbrough. Middlesbrough: Middlesbrough Borough Council. Berkowitz, Alan R. Hollweg, Karen S. Nilon, Charles H. (2002). Understanding Urban Ecosystems. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Great Britain. Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (2008). Start with the park : creating sustainable urban green spaces in areas of housing growth and renewal. London. CABE. How to cite Can Brownfield Sites Become Multi-functional Landscapes?, Essay examples

Sexism and Misogyny in Christian Tradition - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sexism and Misogyny in Christian Tradition. Answer: Introduction: In the Book of Genesis, Old Testament, the heavenly Garden of Eden was inhabited by the first man and woman in the world, Adam and Eve. In this story, God creates Eve from one of the ribs of Adam, the reason, to give him company, or more precisely as his companion(Hawkins 206). This creates an image of women of being a mere resource for male. Moreover, the image of the God and his son further implements the male centric views in the Old Testament (Keil et al.). Since then the depiction of women was mostly complementary to the depiction of males and in a way that suggested the female ought to follow the footsteps of males. The women are first under the authority of their father, then their husbands after marriage, and after the death of her husband, the authority shifts to the husbands brother. Such a form of subordination of women was further impressed by the fact that women bore no signs of being members of the covenant family, as their male counterparts would have through male circ umcisions. Even though the Genesis also mentions that both men and women were created in the image of God, but since it also tells about God creating Adam first in his own image, puts males in a superior image than the females, in this context (Zevit 33). The book of Genesis further befouls the feminine image by saying that it was the women who brought disobedience in the world (Wold 330). There are many other accounts where women have been objectified and considered as a commodity. In Sam 20:30, Saul curses Jonathan as a son of perverse rebellious woman. This statement underlined the ideology that a foolish son is a dishonor for the mother, and not the father (Mechon-mamre.org). Another example where women have been objectified can be found in the story of Lot, who gave his two daughters to two complete strangers, in order to persuade them not to engage in any homosexual act with the people outside (Simons 210). Such negative views of women in the Old Testament consequently justifi ed and even warranted the routine subjugation of women. And the subjugation later spiraled into atrocities, as the societies built on the beliefs of the Old Testament, became patriarchal. Christianity adopted these beliefs from the Old Testament, and has established many of these beliefs as social constructs (Bishop). One significant social construct that still exist any several countries that has its root in the Old Testament, is the identification of the woman, first as a part of her fathers family, and then as a part of her husbands family after her marriage, which is symbolized by the change in the family name of the wife (Modise). During the medieval period, the status of women however started changing with the stories of extraordinary women achieving extraordinary fame and support, and consequently acquiring important positions. However, for the majority, the roles of women were still restricted to the predefines roles, and the women still suffered continued misery of domestic violence, subjugation and abuse. It can be understood how such atrocities could have influence from the scriptures (Modise; Ruether 90). Homosexuality, Early Christianity and the Medieval Age The Old Testament repeatedly warns all followers against homosexuality. Leviticus 18,20 prohibits homosexual acts as an abomination(Willmington). The book further suggests that those who commit such abomination should be put to death, and the responsibility will solely be on them. This has been one of the most significant code of conduct that has been used to implement prohibitions against homosexuality. The story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the book of Genesis clearly explains that homosexuality is a sin, the punishment for which is the wrath of God and complete annihilation. In fact, the story and its influence go so deep, that the word sodomy itself evolved from the word Sodom. Even in the New Testament, homosexuality is not spared, and it continued the process of criminalization of homosexuality. Book of Romans 1:26 considers it an act which is against the nature as well as a deviation from the natural use of women. This clearly implies both a homophobic as well as misogynistic. In the Cornithians 6:9, it is mentioned that unrighteous shall not inherit the gods holy kingdom. In this context, the unrighteous were those committing adultery, fornication, or homosexual acts, as well as drunkards, effeminates, or extortionist. This clearly indicts homosexuality as a sin so grave that one gets deprived of peace after death. It can be understandable why such a grave warning was taken very seriously by many. Even the teachings of Jesus Christ assumed the institute of marriage to be applicable only for a relation between a man and a woman, and do not say anything about marriage of homosexual couples. For a character, who preached against many of the teachings of the Old Testament, not opposing the homophobic ideologies was a major sign that the New Testament also endorsed the same anti homosexual beliefs as its older version (Jackson 87; Barton). In the Medieval period, the persecution of homosexuals reached its peak, and its codes were directly influenced by the scriptures of the old and new testaments, directly condemning homosexuality (Boswell). Homosexuality became a sin as grave as Satanism, during the early 14th century. During this time several people were criminalized and prosecuted for homosexual activities. Commonly given punishment were long acts of penance for first time offenders, and for repeated offenders the punishments became increasing harsher, like castration and even death on the third offence (McNeil). This clearly showed how the religious beliefs were used to justify the prosecution of homosexuals in that period. Gender, Islam and the status of women in the Middle East: In Islam, the ideologies of the Old Testament can be reflected in many of its teachings. The Quran also preaches of the one God, and his messenger. In all the accounts, the messenger is shown as a man (Moses, Christ, Mohammad). This helped to solidify the social position of the males, above that of the females (Fatemi 95). The Quran upholds the superiority of men, deeming women to be inferior, and considering women as a mans belonging. This clearly showed how the systematic objectification of the female gender was implicated by these Judaic religions. The scriptures further states that apart from the fact that a woman can be a mans property or bounty, a man can also be the owner of many properties. This clearly puts in place a male dominated structure, with a single male at the centre. The qualities of a righteous woman, in the Quran have been that of a docile, obedient and quiet individual, who would seldom complain even in the face of adversities. On the other hand, the scriptures prescribe punishment for women who would have a rebellious nature (Shaikh). The importance of women in the Quran is also further depreciated by the fact that in financial and legal matters, the woman only has only half the rights as that of a man. It clearly demonstrates, that gender equality was not a concern in the Quran, and it fostered the male centric view of the society (Fatemi). The tradition of women being identified by their male family members continued unabated through the ages, supported by the early Judaic scriptures and also in Quran. Many other accounts can be found all over the scriptures that objectify and demote the position of women in our society. The consideration that a woman can earn the grace of the God by being obedient of the husband, clearly puts women in a subordinate position, and prevents the possibility of true equality of rights (Ahmad et al). Moreover, stories like that of the 72 virgins in heaven for the martyrs of god clearly showed how women were considered as sexual objects, whose primary purpose was procreation of their children. If such an oppressive view was not enough, the view of women were further marred by the consideration that women are a distraction for men from performing their duties, and they can bring about the downfall of a community. This places a deep seated sense of mistrust towards the female gender, and a biased view regarding their role in the society. The scriptures forbid women to be given any authority in the society, apart from their roles as mothers and wives and serve as merely extensions of men. The concept of Hijab (or the religious dress code in Islam for women, which covers them head to toe), can be attributed to such ideologies. The importance of the overalls is so important in Islam, that a woman without a veil is considered nothing more than being naked, and therefore is directly against the teachings of Islam. In the Middle East, the position of women is still being subjugated by male domi nation. In Saudi Arabia, women are still not permitted to drive and cannot travel alone without a male companion (even be it a male toddler). Strong moral policing still exists that actively dissuades its citizens not to forget their traditional hijab when in public places. These inequalities against women have been systematically justified thought history by the citing the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the scriptures of the Quran (Rita 340; Hodge 243). The status of Homosexuality saw no improvement in the Quran, than it did in the Old Testament. Islam incorporates many of the stories from the Old Testament, including the story of the Sodomy and Gomorrah, acting as a warning against the act of homosexuality, stating that such act shall be punished by the God. The scriptures further prescribe death by stoning for the homosexuals and adulterers. The scripture makes it clear those homosexuals, apostates, adulterers all are sinners in equal capacities, and are condemned to eternal suffering in the hereafter, even after being punished with brutal death (Dejong 339). Death penalty for homosexuality still exists for many Islamic countries around the world. In Uganda, Iran and UAE, and homophobic sentiments are further made strong by the Islamic Fundamentalist ideologies. Extremist groups like the ISIS directly quotes teachings from the Quran, which criminalizes homosexuality, and uses that to condemn anyone suspected of being homosexual to death. This systematic oppression of homosexuals is not uncommon in most of the Islamic countries around the world, evidently showing a pattern of intolerance propagated through the religious beliefs against this community (Hamdi et al. 688; Zuhur et al 29; Alipour 1930). References: Ahmad, Naveed, Hurmat Sumaiya Binti Bashir, and Yousfi Karima. "Status of Women in Islam: A Perspective." (2015). Alipour, M. "Essentialism and Islamic Theology of Homosexuality: A Critical Reflection on an Essentialist Epistemology toward Same-Sex Desires and Acts in Islam."Journal of homosexuality64.14 (2017): 1930-1942. Barton, John. 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